django框架forms组件用法实例详解

本文实例讲述了django框架forms组件用法。分享给大家供大家参考，具体如下：

在django中forms组件有其强大的功能，里面集合和众多的函数和方法：下面来看一下它的源码

"""
Form classes
"""

from __future__ import unicode_literals

import copy
from collections import OrderedDict

from django.core.exceptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS, ValidationError
# BoundField is imported for backwards compatibility in Django 1.9
from django.forms.boundfield import BoundField # NOQA
from django.forms.fields import Field, FileField
# pretty_name is imported for backwards compatibility in Django 1.9
from django.forms.utils import ErrorDict, ErrorList, pretty_name # NOQA
from django.forms.widgets import Media, MediaDefiningClass
from django.utils import six
from django.utils.encoding import force_text, python_2_unicode_compatible
from django.utils.functional import cached_property
from django.utils.html import conditional_escape, html_safe
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _

from .renderers import get_default_renderer

__all__ = ('BaseForm', 'Form')


class DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass(MediaDefiningClass):
  """
  Metaclass that collects Fields declared on the base classes.
  """
  def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs):
    # Collect fields from current class.
    current_fields = []
    for key, value in list(attrs.items()):
      if isinstance(value, Field):
        current_fields.append((key, value))
        attrs.pop(key)
    current_fields.sort(key=lambda x: x[1].creation_counter)
    attrs['declared_fields'] = OrderedDict(current_fields)

    new_class = super(DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass, mcs).__new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs)

    # Walk through the MRO.
    declared_fields = OrderedDict()
    for base in reversed(new_class.__mro__):
      # Collect fields from base class.
      if hasattr(base, 'declared_fields'):
        declared_fields.update(base.declared_fields)

      # Field shadowing.
      for attr, value in base.__dict__.items():
        if value is None and attr in declared_fields:
          declared_fields.pop(attr)

    new_class.base_fields = declared_fields
    new_class.declared_fields = declared_fields

    return new_class


@html_safe
@python_2_unicode_compatible
class BaseForm(object):
  # This is the main implementation of all the Form logic. Note that this
  # class is different than Form. See the comments by the Form class for more
  # information. Any improvements to the form API should be made to *this*
  # class, not to the Form class.
  default_renderer = None
  field_order = None
  prefix = None
  use_required_attribute = True

  def __init__(self, data=None, files=None, auto_id='id_%s', prefix=None,
         initial=None, error_class=ErrorList, label_suffix=None,
         empty_permitted=False, field_order=None, use_required_attribute=None, renderer=None):
    self.is_bound = data is not None or files is not None
    self.data = data or {}
    self.files = files or {}
    self.auto_id = auto_id
    if prefix is not None:
      self.prefix = prefix
    self.initial = initial or {}
    self.error_class = error_class
    # Translators: This is the default suffix added to form field labels
    self.label_suffix = label_suffix if label_suffix is not None else _(':')
    self.empty_permitted = empty_permitted
    self._errors = None # Stores the errors after clean() has been called.

    # The base_fields class attribute is the *class-wide* definition of
    # fields. Because a particular *instance* of the class might want to
    # alter self.fields, we create self.fields here by copying base_fields.
    # Instances should always modify self.fields; they should not modify
    # self.base_fields.
    self.fields = copy.deepcopy(self.base_fields)
    self._bound_fields_cache = {}
    self.order_fields(self.field_order if field_order is None else field_order)

    if use_required_attribute is not None:
      self.use_required_attribute = use_required_attribute

    # Initialize form renderer. Use a global default if not specified
    # either as an argument or as self.default_renderer.
    if renderer is None:
      if self.default_renderer is None:
        renderer = get_default_renderer()
      else:
        renderer = self.default_renderer
        if isinstance(self.default_renderer, type):
          renderer = renderer()
    self.renderer = renderer

  def order_fields(self, field_order):
    """
    Rearranges the fields according to field_order.

    field_order is a list of field names specifying the order. Fields not
    included in the list are appended in the default order for backward
    compatibility with subclasses not overriding field_order. If field_order
    is None, all fields are kept in the order defined in the class.
    Unknown fields in field_order are ignored to allow disabling fields in
    form subclasses without redefining ordering.
    """
    if field_order is None:
      return
    fields = OrderedDict()
    for key in field_order:
      try:
        fields[key] = self.fields.pop(key)
      except KeyError: # ignore unknown fields
        pass
    fields.update(self.fields) # add remaining fields in original order
    self.fields = fields

  def __str__(self):
    return self.as_table()

  def __repr__(self):
    if self._errors is None:
      is_valid = "Unknown"
    else:
      is_valid = self.is_bound and not bool(self._errors)
    return '<%(cls)s bound=%(bound)s, valid=%(valid)s, fields=(%(fields)s)>' % {
      'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
      'bound': self.is_bound,
      'valid': is_valid,
      'fields': ';'.join(self.fields),
    }

  def __iter__(self):
    for name in self.fields:
      yield self[name]

  def __getitem__(self, name):
    "Returns a BoundField with the given name."
    try:
      field = self.fields[name]
    except KeyError:
      raise KeyError(
        "Key '%s' not found in '%s'. Choices are: %s." % (
          name,
          self.__class__.__name__,
          ', '.join(sorted(f for f in self.fields)),
        )
      )
    if name not in self._bound_fields_cache:
      self._bound_fields_cache[name] = field.get_bound_field(self, name)
    return self._bound_fields_cache[name]

  @property
  def errors(self):
    "Returns an ErrorDict for the data provided for the form"
    if self._errors is None:
      self.full_clean()
    return self._errors

  def is_valid(self):
    """
    Returns True if the form has no errors. Otherwise, False. If errors are
    being ignored, returns False.
    """
    return self.is_bound and not self.errors

  def add_prefix(self, field_name):
    """
    Returns the field name with a prefix appended, if this Form has a
    prefix set.

    Subclasses may wish to override.
    """
    return '%s-%s' % (self.prefix, field_name) if self.prefix else field_name

  def add_initial_prefix(self, field_name):
    """
    Add a 'initial' prefix for checking dynamic initial values
    """
    return 'initial-%s' % self.add_prefix(field_name)

  def _html_output(self, normal_row, error_row, row_ender, help_text_html, errors_on_separate_row):
    "Helper function for outputting HTML. Used by as_table(), as_ul(), as_p()."
    top_errors = self.non_field_errors() # Errors that should be displayed above all fields.
    output, hidden_fields = [], []

    for name, field in self.fields.items():
      html_class_attr = ''
      bf = self[name]
      # Escape and cache in local variable.
      bf_errors = self.error_class([conditional_escape(error) for error in bf.errors])
      if bf.is_hidden:
        if bf_errors:
          top_errors.extend(
            [_('(Hidden field %(name)s) %(error)s') % {'name': name, 'error': force_text(e)}
             for e in bf_errors])
        hidden_fields.append(six.text_type(bf))
      else:
        # Create a 'class="..."' attribute if the row should have any
        # CSS classes applied.
        css_classes = bf.css_classes()
        if css_classes:
          html_class_attr = ' class="%s"' % css_classes

        if errors_on_separate_row and bf_errors:
          output.append(error_row % force_text(bf_errors))

        if bf.label:
          label = conditional_escape(force_text(bf.label))
          label = bf.label_tag(label) or ''
        else:
          label = ''

        if field.help_text:
          help_text = help_text_html % force_text(field.help_text)
        else:
          help_text = ''

        output.append(normal_row % {
          'errors': force_text(bf_errors),
          'label': force_text(label),
          'field': six.text_type(bf),
          'help_text': help_text,
          'html_class_attr': html_class_attr,
          'css_classes': css_classes,
          'field_name': bf.html_name,
        })

    if top_errors:
      output.insert(0, error_row % force_text(top_errors))

    if hidden_fields: # Insert any hidden fields in the last row.
      str_hidden = ''.join(hidden_fields)
      if output:
        last_row = output[-1]
        # Chop off the trailing row_ender (e.g. '</td></tr>') and
        # insert the hidden fields.
        if not last_row.endswith(row_ender):
          # This can happen in the as_p() case (and possibly others
          # that users write): if there are only top errors, we may
          # not be able to conscript the last row for our purposes,
          # so insert a new, empty row.
          last_row = (normal_row % {
            'errors': '',
            'label': '',
            'field': '',
            'help_text': '',
            'html_class_attr': html_class_attr,
            'css_classes': '',
            'field_name': '',
          })
          output.append(last_row)
        output[-1] = last_row[:-len(row_ender)] + str_hidden + row_ender
      else:
        # If there aren't any rows in the output, just append the
        # hidden fields.
        output.append(str_hidden)
    return mark_safe('\n'.join(output))

  def as_table(self):
    "Returns this form rendered as HTML <tr>s -- excluding the <table></table>."
    return self._html_output(
      normal_row='<tr%(html_class_attr)s><th>%(label)s</th><td>%(errors)s%(field)s%(help_text)s</td></tr>',
      error_row='<tr><td colspan="2">%s</td></tr>',
      row_ender='</td></tr>',
      help_text_html='<br /><span class="helptext">%s</span>',
      errors_on_separate_row=False)

  def as_ul(self):
    "Returns this form rendered as HTML <li>s -- excluding the <ul></ul>."
    return self._html_output(
      normal_row='<li%(html_class_attr)s>%(errors)s%(label)s %(field)s%(help_text)s</li>',
      error_row='<li>%s</li>',
      row_ender='</li>',
      help_text_html=' <span class="helptext">%s</span>',
      errors_on_separate_row=False)

  def as_p(self):
    "Returns this form rendered as HTML <p>s."
    return self._html_output(
      normal_row='<p%(html_class_attr)s>%(label)s %(field)s%(help_text)s</p>',
      error_row='%s',
      row_ender='</p>',
      help_text_html=' <span class="helptext">%s</span>',
      errors_on_separate_row=True)

  def non_field_errors(self):
    """
    Returns an ErrorList of errors that aren't associated with a particular
    field -- i.e., from Form.clean(). Returns an empty ErrorList if there
    are none.
    """
    return self.errors.get(NON_FIELD_ERRORS, self.error_class(error_class='nonfield'))

  def add_error(self, field, error):
    """
    Update the content of `self._errors`.

    The `field` argument is the name of the field to which the errors
    should be added. If its value is None the errors will be treated as
    NON_FIELD_ERRORS.

    The `error` argument can be a single error, a list of errors, or a
    dictionary that maps field names to lists of errors. What we define as
    an "error" can be either a simple string or an instance of
    ValidationError with its message attribute set and what we define as
    list or dictionary can be an actual `list` or `dict` or an instance
    of ValidationError with its `error_list` or `error_dict` attribute set.

    If `error` is a dictionary, the `field` argument *must* be None and
    errors will be added to the fields that correspond to the keys of the
    dictionary.
    """
    if not isinstance(error, ValidationError):
      # Normalize to ValidationError and let its constructor
      # do the hard work of making sense of the input.
      error = ValidationError(error)

    if hasattr(error, 'error_dict'):
      if field is not None:
        raise TypeError(
          "The argument `field` must be `None` when the `error` "
          "argument contains errors for multiple fields."
        )
      else:
        error = error.error_dict
    else:
      error = {field or NON_FIELD_ERRORS: error.error_list}

    for field, error_list in error.items():
      if field not in self.errors:
        if field != NON_FIELD_ERRORS and field not in self.fields:
          raise ValueError(
            "'%s' has no field named '%s'." % (self.__class__.__name__, field))
        if field == NON_FIELD_ERRORS:
          self._errors[field] = self.error_class(error_class='nonfield')
        else:
          self._errors[field] = self.error_class()
      self._errors[field].extend(error_list)
      if field in self.cleaned_data:
        del self.cleaned_data[field]

  def has_error(self, field, code=None):
    if code is None:
      return field in self.errors
    if field in self.errors:
      for error in self.errors.as_data()[field]:
        if error.code == code:
          return True
    return False

  def full_clean(self):
    """
    Cleans all of self.data and populates self._errors and
    self.cleaned_data.
    """
    self._errors = ErrorDict()
    if not self.is_bound: # Stop further processing.
      return
    self.cleaned_data = {}
    # If the form is permitted to be empty, and none of the form data has
    # changed from the initial data, short circuit any validation.
    if self.empty_permitted and not self.has_changed():
      return

    self._clean_fields()
    self._clean_form()
    self._post_clean()

  def _clean_fields(self):
    for name, field in self.fields.items():
      # value_from_datadict() gets the data from the data dictionaries.
      # Each widget type knows how to retrieve its own data, because some
      # widgets split data over several HTML fields.
      if field.disabled:
        value = self.get_initial_for_field(field, name)
      else:
        value = field.widget.value_from_datadict(self.data, self.files, self.add_prefix(name))
      try:
        if isinstance(field, FileField):
          initial = self.get_initial_for_field(field, name)
          value = field.clean(value, initial)
        else:
          value = field.clean(value)
        self.cleaned_data[name] = value
        if hasattr(self, 'clean_%s' % name):
          value = getattr(self, 'clean_%s' % name)()
          self.cleaned_data[name] = value
      except ValidationError as e:
        self.add_error(name, e)

  def _clean_form(self):
    try:
      cleaned_data = self.clean()
    except ValidationError as e:
      self.add_error(None, e)
    else:
      if cleaned_data is not None:
        self.cleaned_data = cleaned_data

  def _post_clean(self):
    """
    An internal hook for performing additional cleaning after form cleaning
    is complete. Used for model validation in model forms.
    """
    pass

  def clean(self):
    """
    Hook for doing any extra form-wide cleaning after Field.clean() has been
    called on every field. Any ValidationError raised by this method will
    not be associated with a particular field; it will have a special-case
    association with the field named '__all__'.
    """
    return self.cleaned_data

  def has_changed(self):
    """
    Returns True if data differs from initial.
    """
    return bool(self.changed_data)

  @cached_property
  def changed_data(self):
    data = []
    for name, field in self.fields.items():
      prefixed_name = self.add_prefix(name)
      data_value = field.widget.value_from_datadict(self.data, self.files, prefixed_name)
      if not field.show_hidden_initial:
        # Use the BoundField's initial as this is the value passed to
        # the widget.
        initial_value = self[name].initial
      else:
        initial_prefixed_name = self.add_initial_prefix(name)
        hidden_widget = field.hidden_widget()
        try:
          initial_value = field.to_python(hidden_widget.value_from_datadict(
            self.data, self.files, initial_prefixed_name))
        except ValidationError:
          # Always assume data has changed if validation fails.
          data.append(name)
          continue
      if field.has_changed(initial_value, data_value):
        data.append(name)
    return data

  @property
  def media(self):
    """
    Provide a description of all media required to render the widgets on this form
    """
    media = Media()
    for field in self.fields.values():
      media = media + field.widget.media
    return media

  def is_multipart(self):
    """
    Returns True if the form needs to be multipart-encoded, i.e. it has
    FileInput. Otherwise, False.
    """
    for field in self.fields.values():
      if field.widget.needs_multipart_form:
        return True
    return False

  def hidden_fields(self):
    """
    Returns a list of all the BoundField objects that are hidden fields.
    Useful for manual form layout in templates.
    """
    return [field for field in self if field.is_hidden]

  def visible_fields(self):
    """
    Returns a list of BoundField objects that aren't hidden fields.
    The opposite of the hidden_fields() method.
    """
    return [field for field in self if not field.is_hidden]

  def get_initial_for_field(self, field, field_name):
    """
    Return initial data for field on form. Use initial data from the form
    or the field, in that order. Evaluate callable values.
    """
    value = self.initial.get(field_name, field.initial)
    if callable(value):
      value = value()
    return value


class Form(six.with_metaclass(DeclarativeFieldsMetaclass, BaseForm)):
  "A collection of Fields, plus their associated data."
  # This is a separate class from BaseForm in order to abstract the way
  # self.fields is specified. This class (Form) is the one that does the
  # fancy metaclass stuff purely for the semantic sugar -- it allows one
  # to define a form using declarative syntax.
  # BaseForm itself has no way of designating self.fields.

抛开其他的代码，我们之关注我们需要的东西

1 首先数据的验证通过的是is_vaild方法，它下面有以下东西

return self.is_bound and not self.errors  对照以下也就是is_bound不能为空，并且 errors方法返回的为空，则通过验证

2 我们找到 errors 方法，

  @property
  def errors(self):
    "Returns an ErrorDict for the data provided for the form"
    if self._errors is None:
      self.full_clean() #找到full_clean
    return self._errors

3 找到 full_clean 方法

  def full_clean(self):
    """
    Cleans all of self.data and populates self._errors and
    self.cleaned_data.
    """
    self._errors = ErrorDict()  #先赋一个空的错误字典
    if not self.is_bound: # Stop further processing.
      return
    self.cleaned_data = {}    #定义一个空的cleaned_data字典
    # If the form is permitted to be empty, and none of the form data has
    # changed from the initial data, short circuit any validation.
    if self.empty_permitted and not self.has_changed():
      return
#执行下面三种方法
    self._clean_fields() 
    self._clean_form()
    self._post_clean()

4  找到 _clean_fields 方法

  def _clean_fields(self):
    for name, field in self.fields.items(): #依次遍历字段
      # value_from_datadict() gets the data from the data dictionaries.
      # Each widget type knows how to retrieve its own data, because some
      # widgets split data over several HTML fields.
      if field.disabled:
        value = self.get_initial_for_field(field, name)
      else:
        value = field.widget.value_from_datadict(self.data, self.files, self.add_prefix(name))
      try:
        if isinstance(field, FileField):
          initial = self.get_initial_for_field(field, name)
          value = field.clean(value, initial)
        else:
          value = field.clean(value)
        self.cleaned_data[name] = value  #通过自定义和django里面定义的方法后，将它加入到 cleand_data字典中
        if hasattr(self, 'clean_%s' % name): #判断是否有自定义的局部钩子函数
          value = getattr(self, 'clean_%s' % name)() #通过了局部钩子则返回数据
          self.cleaned_data[name] = value  #将数据加入 cleaned_data
      except ValidationError as e:
        self.add_error(name, e) #错误的话执行 add_error

5 找到add_error

      self._errors[field].extend(error_list) #将错误信息加入 _errors
      if field in self.cleaned_data:
        del self.cleaned_data[field] #删除cleaned_data中这条数据，之前是通过自定义方法加入的，通不过 钩子函数

6 回到上面执行  self._clean_form()

  def _clean_form(self):
    try:
      cleaned_data = self.clean() #接着执行 clean（）全局钩子
    except ValidationError as e:
      self.add_error(None, e)
    else:
      if cleaned_data is not None:
        self.cleaned_data = cleaned_data

7接着查看 全局钩子  clean ，它只有一个返回的数据，因此我们可以自定义一个

  def clean(self):
    return self.cleaned_data #注意返回的数据和局部钩子的区别

 8 最后查看 _post_clean ，说白了就是什么都没有

def _post_clean(self):
    pass

以上是源码内部执行的顺序，下面我们来看一个例子

 1 自定义判断字段

2 自定义局部钩子

3自定义全局钩子

4 继承并使用

5 .1在模板中显示一

 上面的代码 form_obj.errors.all_error  也可以改成  {{ form_obj.non_field_errors.0 }}

5.2 在模板中显示二

6在浏览器上面看效果

其他：

我们在forms组件中处理的不同情况

希望本文所述对大家基于Django框架的Python程序设计有所帮助。