在了解带星号(*)的参数之前,先看下带有默认值的参数,函数定义如下:
>> def defaultValueArgs(common, defaultStr = "default", defaultNum = 0):
print("Common args", common)
print("Default String", defaultStr)
print("Default Number", defaultNum)
(1)带默认值的参数(defaultStr、defaultNum)不传参时的调用:
>> defaultValueArgs("Test")
Common args Test
Default String default
Default Number 0
(2)带默认值的参数(defaultStr、defaultNum),调用的时候可以直接传参(如下例中的defaultStr),也可以写成“argsName = value”的形式(如下例中的defaultNum):
>> defaultValueArgs("Test", "Str", defaultNum = 1)
Common args Test
Default String Str
Default Number 1
>> defaultValueArgs("Test", defaultNum = 1)
Common args Test
Default String default
Default Number 1
注意:在函数定义时,第一个带有默认值的参数之后的所有参数都必须有默认值,否则,运行时报错。
>> def defaultValueArgs(common, defaultStr = "default", defaultNum):
print("Common args", common)
print("Default String", defaultStr)
print("Default Number", defaultNum)
SyntaxError: non-default argument follows default argument
带一个参数的函数定义如下:
>> def singalStar(common, *rest):
print("Common args: ", common)
print("Rest args: ", rest)
(1)带星号(*)的参数不传参:
>> singalStar("hello")
Common args: hello
Rest args: ()
带星号(*)的参数不传参时默认是一个空的元组。
(2)带星号(*)的参数传入多个值时(个数大于或等于函数定义时的参数个数):
>> singalStar("hello", "world", 000)
Common args: hello
Rest args: ('world', 0)
不难看出,第二种方式中,星号参数把接收的多个参数合并为一个元组。
(3)当我们直接传元组类型的值给星号参数时:
>> singalStar("hello", ("world", 000))
Common args: hello
Rest args: (('world', 0),)
此时,传递的元组值作为了星号参数的元组中的一个元素。
(4)如果我们想把元组作为星号参数的参数值,在元组值前加上" * " 即可。
>> singalStar("hello", *("world", 000))
Common args: hello
Rest args: ('world', 0)
>> singalStar("hello", *("world", 000), "123")
Common args: hello
Rest args: ('world', 0, '123')
带两个星号(**)的函数定义如下:
>> def doubleStar(common, **double):
print("Common args: ", common)
print("Double args: ", double)
(1)双星号(**)参数不传值:
>> doubleStar("hello")
Common args: hello
Double args: {}
带双星号(**)的参数不传值时默认是一个空的字典。
(2)双星号(**)参数传入多个参数时(个数大于或等于函数定义时的参数个数):
>> doubleStar("hello", "Test", 24)
TypeError: doubleStar() takes 1 positional argument but 3 were given
>> doubleStar("hello", x = "Test", y = 24)
Common args: hello
Double args: {'x': 'Test', 'y': 24}
可以看到,双星号参数把接收的多个参数合并为一个字典,但与单星号不同的是,此时必须采用默认值传参的 “ args = value ” 的方式,“ = ” 前的字段成了字典的键,“ = ” 后的字段成了字典的值。
(3)如果想把字典作为星号参数的参数值,那么该怎么办呢?与单星号参数类似,在字典值前加上 “ ** ”,同时其后不能添加任何值。
>> doubleStar("hello", {"name": "Test", "age": 24})
TypeError: doubleStar() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given
>> doubleStar("hello", **{"name": "Test", "age": 24}, {"name": "Test2", "age": 24})
SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument unpacking
>> doubleStar("hello", **{"name": "Test", "age": 24}, **{"name": "Test2", "age": 24})
TypeError: doubleStar() got multiple values for keyword argument 'name'
>> doubleStar("hello", **{"name": "Test", "age": 24})
Common args: hello
Double args: {'name': 'Test', 'age': 24}
def singalAndDoubleStar(common, *single, **double):
print("Common args: ", common)
print("Single args: ", single)
print("Double args: ", double)
singalAndDoubleStar("hello")
# Common args: hello
# Single args: ()
# Double args: {}
singalAndDoubleStar("hello", "world", 000)
# Common args: hello
# Single args: ('world', 0)
# Double args: {}
singalAndDoubleStar("hello", "world", 000, {"name": "Test", "age": 24})
# Common args: hello
# Single args: ('world', 0, {'name': 'Test', 'age': 24})
# Double args: {}
singalAndDoubleStar("hello", "world", 000, **{"name": "Test", "age": 24})
# Common args: hello
# Single args: ('world', 0)
# Double args: {'name': 'Test', 'age': 24}
singalAndDoubleStar("hello", ("world", 000), {"name": "Test", "age": 24})
# Common args: hello
# Single args: (('world', 0), {'name': 'Test', 'age': 24})
# Double args: {}
singalAndDoubleStar("hello", *("world", 000), {"name": "Test", "age": 24})
# Common args: hello
# Single args: ('world', 0, {'name': 'Test', 'age': 24})
# Double args: {}
singalAndDoubleStar("hello", *("world", 000), **{"name": "Test", "age": 24})
# Common args: hello
# Single args: ('world', 0)
# Double args: {'name': 'Test', 'age': 24}
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